|
Primary Results Table 2: APP and SafeTRAC Outcomes
Descriptive Comparisons of Changes in Unweighted Means or Standard Deviations | | width="44">N | No Feedback Mean | Feedback Mean | Difference Mean | Difference SD | Difference Min | Difference Max | Difference p-value |
|---|
| Outcome variables | | | | | | | | |
|---|
| PERCLOS during night hours mean | 16 | 6.65 | 5.03 | -1.63 | 3.85 | -10.52 | 2.80 | 0.112 |
|---|
| APP Driver's Alertness mean | 18 | 82.58 | 81.80 | -0.78 | 1.94 | -4.93 | 2.32 | 0.107 |
|---|
| APP Lateral distance standard deviation | 18 | 32.41 | 31.88 | -0.53 | 2.74 | -4.66 | 5.03 | 0.424 |
|---|
| APP Steering wheel movements SD | 19 | 3.21 | 2.31 | -0.90 | 4.09 | -14.24 | 3.95 | 0.349 |
|---|
| APP Front wheel movements SD | 14 | 3.27 | 3.05 | -0.22 | 1.13 | -3.58 | 1.09 | 0.485 |
|---|
| | | | | | | | | | | Technical variables | | | | | | | | |
|---|
| Vehicle speed mean | 20 | 57.01 | 57.60 | 0.59 | 1.62 | -2.68 | 3.72 | 0.119 |
|---|
| Engine rotation mean | 20 | 1478.3 | 1489.2 | 10.9 | 28.3 | -34.0 | 74.5 | 0.103 |
|---|
| X acceleration mean | 20 | 0.136 | 0.118 | -0.018 | 0.155 | -0.586 | 0.329 | 0.603 |
|---|
| Y acceleration mean | 20 | -0.126 | -0.158 | -0.032 | 0.151 | -0.653 | 0.133 | 0.354 |
|---|
| Ambient light mean | 19 | 101.84 | 115.86 | 14.02 | 30.00 | -20.90 | 123.04 | 0.057 |
|---|
Primary Results Table 3: APP and SafeTRAC Outcomes
Mixed Model ANOVA Comparisons Based on Doubly-Weighted Means or SD's | | width="44">N | No Feedback Mean | Feedback Mean | Difference Mean | Difference SE | t-statistic | Difference p-value |
|---|
| Outcome variables | | | | | | | |
|---|
| PERCLOS during night hours mean | 16 | 6.58 | 4.99 | -1.60 | 0.89 | -1.79 | 0.094 |
|---|
| APP Driver's Alertness mean | 18 | 82.42 | 82.18 | -0.24 | 0.47 | -0.50 | 0.620 |
|---|
| APP Lateral distance standard deviation | 18 | 30.02 | 29.92 | -0.10 | 0.78 | -0.12 | 0.903 |
|---|
| APP Steering wheel movements SD | 19 | 2.75 | 1.97 | -0.78 | 0.85 | -0.92 | 0.372 |
|---|
| APP Front Wheel movements SD | 14 | 3.10 | 3.00 | -0.09 | 0.26 | -0.35 | 0.733 |
|---|
| | | | | | | | | | Technical variables | | | | | | | |
|---|
| Vehicle speed mean | 20 | 57.79 | 58.12 | 0.33 | 0.28 | 1.18 | 0.252 |
|---|
| Engine rotation mean | 20 | 1488.7 | 1495.0 | 6.3 | 4.3 | 1.5 | 0.157 |
|---|
| X acceleration mean | 20 | 0.129 | 0.128 | -0.001 | 0.036 | -0.020 | 0.988 |
|---|
| Y acceleration mean | 20 | -0.119 | -0.180 | -0.061 | 0.045 | -1.350 | 0.192 |
|---|
| Ambient light mean | 19 | 106.53 | 114.25 | 7.73 | 4.49 | 1.72 | 0.103 |
|---|
| Notes: Mean values and difference in mean values are model-predicted least squares estimates. |
Primary Results Table 4: APP and SafeTRAC Outcomes
Descriptive Comparisons of Changes in Unweighted Medians or Interquartile Ranges | | N | No Feedback Mean | Feedback Mean | Difference Mean | Difference SD | Difference Min | Difference Max | Difference p-value |
|---|
| Outcome variables | | | | | | | | |
|---|
| PERCLOS during night hours median | 16 | 3.88 | 3.00 | -0.88 | 2.31 | -7.00 | 3.00 | 0.150 |
|---|
| APP Driver's Alertness median | 18 | 83.78 | 82.39 | -1.39 | 2.12 | -6.00 | 1.00 | 0.013 |
|---|
| APP Lateral distance IQR | 18 | 31.56 | 31.22 | -0.33 | 3.16 | -6.00 | 6.00 | 0.660 |
|---|
| APP Steering wheel movements IQR | 19 | 3.89 | 2.89 | -1.00 | 6.53 | -22.00 | 10.00 | 0.513 |
|---|
| APP Front Wheel movements IQR | 14 | 4.21 | 3.71 | -0.50 | 2.10 | -6.00 | 2.00 | 0.390 |
|---|
| | | | | | | | | | | Technical variables | | | | | | | | |
|---|
| Vehicle speed median | 20 | 60.70 | 60.95 | 0.25 | 1.11 | -2.48 | 3.10 | 0.330 |
|---|
| header Engine rotation median | 20 | 1532.0 | 1538.0 | 6.0 | 19.6 | -20.0 | 60.0 | 0.186 |
|---|
| X acceleration median | 20 | 0.129 | 0.109 | -0.020 | 0.197 | -0.740 | 0.440 | 0.664 |
|---|
| Y acceleration median | 20 | -0.118 | -0.157 | -0.040 | 0.198 | -0.860 | 0.160 | 0.384 |
|---|
| Ambient light median | 19 | 128.95 | 145.05 | 16.11 | 44.99 | -3.00 | 149.00 | 0.136 |
|---|
Primary Results Table 5: APP and SafeTRAC Outcomes
Mixed Model ANOVA Comparisons Based on Doubly-Weighted Medians or IQR's | | N | No Feedback Mean | Feedback Mean | Difference Mean | Difference SE | t-statistic | Difference p-value |
|---|
| Outcome variables | | | | | | | |
|---|
| PERCLOS during night hours median | 16 | 3.73 | 3.16 | -0.57 | 0.41 | -1.38 | 0.187 |
|---|
| APP Driver's Alertness median | 18 | 83.86 | 82.53 | -1.33 | 0.41 | -3.24 | 0.005 |
|---|
| APP Lateral distance IQR | 18 | 30.26 | 30.49 | 0.23 | 0.83 | 0.27 | 0.788 |
|---|
| APP Steering wheel movements IQR | 19 | 3.53 | 2.17 | -1.36 | 1.25 | -1.09 | 0.290 |
|---|
| APP Front Wheel movements IQR | 14 | 3.66 | 3.67 | 0.01 | 0.38 | 0.02 | 0.985 |
|---|
| | | | | | | | | | Technical variables | | | | | | | |
|---|
| Vehicle speed median | 20 | 61.14 | 61.21 | 0.07 | 0.19 | 0.36 | 0.726 |
|---|
| Engine rotation median | 20 | 1537.8 | 1541.1 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 1.0 | 0.331 |
|---|
| X acceleration median | 20 | 0.121 | 0.122 | 0.001 | 0.046 | 0.020 | 0.985 |
|---|
| Y acceleration median | 20 | -0.109 | -0.186 | -0.077 | 0.058 | -1.330 | 0.199 |
|---|
| Ambient light median | 19 | 136.54 | 144.13 | 7.59 | 6.51 | 1.17 | 0.259 |
|---|
Notes: Mean values and difference in mean values are model-predicted least squares estimates. Primary Results Table 6: Total Durations Used as Weighting Factors in Mixed Model ANOVA | Outcomes | PERCLOS Camera | Lateral distance | Driver's Alertness | Steering wheel
movements | Front Wheel
movements | Vehicle speed | Engine rotation | X acceleration | Y acceleration | Ambient light |
|---|
Feedback
SID | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes |
|---|
| 1 | . | . | 35.8 | 17.9 | 36.5 | 18.4 | 36.5 | 18.4 | . | . | 36.5 | 18.4 | 36.5 | 18.4 | 36.5 | 18.4 | 36.5 | 18.4 | 36.5 | 18.4 | | 2 | 9.7 | 22.8 | 46.3 | 69.2 | 48.7 | 70.1 | 48.7 | 70.1 | . | . | 48.7 | 70.1 | 48.7 | 70.1 | 48.7 | 70.1 | 48.7 | 70.1 | 48.7 | 70.1 | | 4 | 3.9 | 5.1 | 65.4 | 61.6 | 67.0 | 62.5 | 67.0 | 62.5 | . | . | 67.0 | 62.5 | 67.0 | 62.5 | 67.0 | 62.5 | 67.0 | 62.5 | 67.0 | 62.5 | | 5 | 7.9 | 1.1 | 24.8 | 8.0 | 25.2 | 8.0 | 25.2 | 8.0 | 25.2 | 8.0 | 25.2 | 8.0 | 25.2 | 8.0 | 25.2 | 8.0 | 25.2 | 8.0 | 25.2 | 8.0 | | 6 | 10.9 | 4.6 | 21.5 | 12.5 | 21.6 | 12.6 | 21.6 | 12.6 | . | . | 21.6 | 12.6 | 21.6 | 12.6 | 21.6 | 12.6 | 21.6 | 12.6 | 21.6 | 12.6 | | 7 | 15.9 | 16.7 | 37.3 | 41.9 | 39.3 | 42.7 | 39.3 | 42.7 | . | . | 39.3 | 42.7 | 39.3 | 42.7 | 39.3 | 42.7 | 39.3 | 42.7 | 39.3 | 42.7 | | 8 | 10.0 | 5.6 | 40.5 | 37.3 | 41.7 | 37.6 | 41.7 | 37.6 | 41.7 | 37.6 | 41.7 | 37.6 | 41.7 | 37.6 | 41.7 | 37.6 | 41.7 | 37.6 | 41.7 | 37.6 | | 10 | 16.8 | 18.7 | 90.9 | 95.7 | 97.9 | 96.6 | 97.9 | 96.6 | 97.9 | 96.6 | 97.9 | 96.6 | 97.9 | 96.6 | 97.9 | 96.6 | 97.9 | 96.6 | 97.9 | 96.6 | | 11 | 7.4 | 10.0 | . | . | . | . | 7.4 | 53.1 | . | . | 7.4 | 53.1 | 7.4 | 53.1 | 7.4 | 53.1 | 7.4 | 53.1 | 7.4 | 53.1 | | 12 | 0.3 | . | 4.8 | 21.9 | 4.8 | 22.0 | 4.8 | 22.0 | 4.8 | 22.0 | 4.8 | 22.0 | 4.8 | 22.0 | 4.8 | 22.0 | 4.8 | 22.0 | 4.8 | 22.0 | | 13 | . | . | . | . | . | . | 50.4 | 47.1 | 50.4 | 47.1 | 50.4 | 47.1 | 50.4 | 47.1 | 50.4 | 47.1 | 50.4 | 47.1 | . | . | | 15 | 10.5 | 11.7 | 67.0 | 73.4 | 68.3 | 75.2 | 68.3 | 75.2 | 68.3 | 75.2 | 68.3 | 75.2 | 68.3 | 75.2 | 68.3 | 75.2 | 68.3 | 75.2 | 68.3 | 75.2 | | 17 | 3.2 | . | 23.3 | 8.6 | 23.6 | 8.6 | 23.6 | 8.6 | 23.6 | 8.6 | 23.6 | 8.6 | 23.6 | 8.6 | 23.6 | 8.6 | 23.6 | 8.6 | 23.6 | 8.6 | | 18 | 30.8 | 8.4 | 121.8 | 55.3 | 126.8 | 59.1 | 126.8 | 59.1 | 126.8 | 59.1 | 126.8 | 59.1 | 126.8 | 59.1 | 126.8 | 59.1 | 126.8 | 59.1 | 126.8 | 59.1 | | 19 | 3.3 | 1.5 | 7.6 | 7.1 | 7.7 | 7.2 | 7.7 | 7.2 | 7.7 | 7.2 | 7.7 | 7.2 | 7.7 | 7.2 | 7.7 | 7.2 | 7.7 | 7.2 | 7.7 | 7.2 | | 21 | 18.1 | 28.3 | 63.9 | 71.2 | 64.4 | 72.6 | 64.4 | 72.6 | 64.4 | 72.6 | 64.4 | 72.6 | 64.4 | 72.6 | 64.4 | 72.6 | 64.4 | 72.6 | 64.4 | 72.6 | | 22 | 8.6 | 13.7 | 59.9 | 55.1 | 64.9 | 57.2 | 64.9 | 57.2 | 64.9 | 57.2 | 64.9 | 57.2 | 64.9 | 57.2 | 64.9 | 57.2 | 64.9 | 57.2 | 64.9 | 57.2 | | 23 | 1.1 | 2.6 | 5.5 | 7.7 | 5.7 | 7.9 | . | . | 5.7 | 7.9 | 5.7 | 7.9 | 5.7 | 7.9 | 5.7 | 7.9 | 5.7 | 7.9 | 5.7 | 7.9 | | 25 | 8.3 | 15.8 | 33.4 | 46.4 | 34.2 | 47.6 | 34.2 | 47.6 | 34.2 | 47.6 | 34.2 | 47.6 | 34.2 | 47.6 | 34.2 | 47.6 | 34.2 | 47.6 | 34.2 | 47.6 | | 26 | 30.3 | 11.5 | 75.3 | 27.8 | 81.1 | 28.3 | 81.1 | 28.3 | 81.1 | 28.3 | 81.1 | 28.3 | 81.1 | 28.3 | 81.1 | 28.3 | 81.1 | 28.3 | 81.1 | 28.3 | | Mean | 10.9 | 11.1 | 45.8 | 39.9 | 47.7 | 40.8 | 48.0 | 43.5 | 49.8 | 41.1 | 45.9 | 41.7 | 45.9 | 41.7 | 45.9 | 41.7 | 45.9 | 41.7 | 45.6 | 41.4 |
Primary Results Table 7: APP and SafeTRAC Outcomes at Night
Descriptive Comparisons of Changes in Unweighted Means or Standard Deviations | | N | No Feedback Mean | Feedback Mean | Difference Mean | Difference SD | Difference Min | Difference Max | Difference p-value |
|---|
| Outcome variables | | | | | | | | |
|---|
| PERCLOS during night hours mean | 16 | 6.65 | 5.03 | -1.63 | 3.85 | -10.52 | 2.80 | 0.112 |
|---|
| APP Driver's Alertness mean | 15 | 78.82 | 78.94 | 0.13 | 3.68 | -6.52 | 7.12 | 0.894 |
|---|
| APP Lateral distance standard deviation | 15 | 33.71 | 32.13 | -1.58 | 4.62 | -12.14 | 4.49 | 0.207 |
|---|
| APP Steering wheel movements SD | 15 | 1.86 | 1.78 | -0.09 | 1.36 | -4.55 | 1.35 | 0.811 |
|---|
| APP Front Wheel movements SD | 11 | 3.06 | 2.73 | -0.33 | 1.20 | -3.47 | 1.11 | 0.381 |
|---|
| | | | | | | | | | | Technical variables | | | | | | | | |
|---|
| Vehicle speed mean | 16 | 57.63 | 57.72 | 0.09 | 2.17 | -3.92 | 4.41 | 0.868 |
|---|
| Engine rotation mean | 16 | 1487.041 | 1488.819 | 1.779 | 34.621 | -50.558 | 65.573 | 0.840 |
|---|
| X acceleration mean | 16 | 0.162 | 0.135 | -0.027 | 0.199 | -0.686 | 0.345 | 0.593 |
|---|
| Y acceleration mean | 16 | -0.176 | -0.217 | -0.041 | 0.179 | -0.690 | 0.156 | 0.372 |
|---|
| Ambient light mean | 16 | 3.45 | 5.19 | 1.74 | 3.97 | -3.57 | 13.92 | 0.100 |
|---|
Primary Results Table 8: APP and SafeTRAC Outcomes at Night
Mixed Model ANOVA Comparisons Based on Doubly-Weighted Means or SD's | | N | No Feedback Mean | Feedback Mean | Difference Mean | Difference SE | t-statistic | Difference p-value |
|---|
| Outcome variables | | | | | | | |
|---|
| PERCLOS during night hours mean | 16 | 6.58 | 4.99 | -1.60 | 0.89 | -1.79 | 0.094 |
|---|
| APP Driver's Alertness mean | 15 | 79.27 | 79.33 | 0.06 | 0.96 | 0.07 | 0.948 |
|---|
| APP Lateral distance standard deviation | 15 | 31.95 | 30.17 | -1.78 | 1.25 | -1.42 | 0.178 |
|---|
| APP Steering wheel movements SD | 15 | 1.69 | 1.81 | 0.13 | 0.21 | 0.63 | 0.542 |
|---|
| APP Front Wheel movements SD | 11 | 2.96 | 2.83 | -0.13 | 0.29 | -0.44 | 0.671 |
|---|
| | | | | | | | | | Technical variables | | | | | | | |
|---|
| Vehicle speed mean | 16 | 57.71 | 57.94 | 0.23 | 0.45 | 0.51 | 0.621 |
|---|
| Engine rotation mean | 16 | 1487.350 | 1492.620 | 5.271 | 7.524 | 0.700 | 0.494 |
|---|
| X acceleration mean | 16 | 0.162 | 0.133 | -0.029 | 0.049 | -0.600 | 0.560 |
|---|
| Y acceleration mean | 16 | -0.169 | -0.223 | -0.054 | 0.049 | -1.100 | 0.290 |
|---|
| Ambient light mean | 16 | 3.47 | 5.67 | 2.19 | 0.88 | 2.49 | 0.025 |
|---|
Primary Results Table 9: APP and SafeTRAC Outcomes at Night
Descriptive Comparisons of Changes in Unweighted Medians or Interquartile Ranges | | N | No Feedback Mean | Feedback Mean | Difference Mean | Difference SD | Difference Min | Difference Max | Difference p-value |
|---|
| Outcome variables | | | | | | | | |
|---|
| PERCLOS during night hours median | 16 | 3.88 | 3.00 | -0.88 | 2.31 | -7.00 | 3.00 | 0.150 |
|---|
| APP Driver's Alertness median | 15 | 79.13 | 79.60 | 0.47 | 4.70 | -8.00 | 8.00 | 0.707 |
|---|
| APP Lateral distance IQR | 15 | 33.33 | 32.53 | -0.80 | 5.54 | -14.00 | 6.00 | 0.585 |
|---|
| APP Steering wheel movements IQR | 15 | 2.20 | 1.93 | -0.27 | 1.67 | -5.00 | 2.00 | 0.546 |
|---|
| APP Front Wheel movements IQR | 11 | 3.64 | 3.00 | -0.64 | 2.38 | -7.00 | 2.00 | 0.396 |
|---|
| | | | | | | | | | | Technical variables | | | | | | | | |
|---|
| Vehicle speed median | 16 | 60.61 | 60.45 | -0.16 | 2.21 | -6.20 | 5.58 | 0.783 |
|---|
| Engine rotation median | 16 | 1532.500 | 1530.000 | -2.500 | 29.098 | -60.000 | 80.000 | 0.736 |
|---|
| X acceleration median | 16 | 0.151 | 0.131 | -0.021 | 0.226 | -0.750 | 0.450 | 0.720 |
|---|
| Y acceleration median | 16 | -0.168 | -0.214 | -0.047 | 0.223 | -0.860 | 0.170 | 0.413 |
|---|
| Ambient light median | 16 | 0.50 | 3.19 | 2.69 | 5.20 | 0.00 | 15.00 | 0.056 |
|---|
Primary Results Table 10: APP and SafeTRAC Outcomes at Night
Mixed Model ANOVA Comparisons Based on Doubly-Weighted Medians or IQR's | | N | No Feedback Mean | Feedback Mean | Difference Mean | Difference SE | t-statistic | Difference p-value |
|---|
| Outcome variables | | | | | | | |
|---|
| PERCLOS during night hours median | 16 | 3.73 | 3.16 | -0.57 | 0.41 | -1.38 | 0.187 |
|---|
| APP Driver's Alertness median | 15 | 79.68 | 80.20 | 0.52 | 1.20 | 0.43 | 0.672 |
|---|
| APP Lateral distance IQR | 15 | 32.55 | 31.30 | -1.25 | 1.48 | -0.84 | 0.413 |
|---|
| APP Steering wheel movements IQR | 15 | 2.05 | 2.27 | 0.22 | 0.28 | 0.77 | 0.455 |
|---|
| APP Front Wheel movements IQR | 11 | 3.54 | 3.36 | -0.18 | 0.53 | -0.34 | 0.739 |
|---|
| | | | | | | | | | Technical variables | | | | | | | |
|---|
| Vehicle speed median | 16 | 60.71 | 60.79 | 0.08 | 0.39 | 0.22 | 0.832 |
|---|
| Engine rotation median | 16 | 1531.270 | 1532.890 | 1.619 | 6.251 | 0.260 | 0.799 |
|---|
| X acceleration median | 16 | 0.150 | 0.127 | -0.023 | 0.055 | -0.420 | 0.684 |
|---|
| Y acceleration median | 16 | -0.160 | -0.223 | -0.063 | 0.060 | -1.050 | 0.311 |
|---|
| Ambient light median | 16 | 0.71 | 3.95 | 3.24 | 1.24 | 2.61 | 0.020 |
|---|
Primary Results Table 11: Total Durations Used as Weighting Factors in Mixed Model ANOVA for Night Outcomes | Outcomes | PERCLOS Camera | Lateral distance | Driver's Alertness | Steering wheel
movements | Front Wheel
movements | Vehicle speed | Engine rotation | X acceleration | Y acceleration | Ambient light |
|---|
Feedback
SID | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes |
|---|
| 2 | 9.7 | 22.8 | 9.1 | 22.4 | 9.7 | 22.8 | 9.7 | 22.8 | . | . | 9.7 | 22.8 | 9.7 | 22.8 | 9.7 | 22.8 | 9.7 | 22.8 | 9.7 | 22.8 | | 4 | 3.9 | 5.1 | 3.2 | 4.9 | 3.9 | 5.1 | 3.9 | 5.1 | . | . | 3.9 | 5.1 | 3.9 | 5.1 | 3.9 | 5.1 | 3.9 | 5.1 | 3.9 | 5.1 | | 5 | 7.9 | 1.1 | 7.8 | 1.1 | 7.9 | 1.1 | 7.9 | 1.1 | 7.9 | 1.1 | 7.9 | 1.1 | 7.9 | 1.1 | 7.9 | 1.1 | 7.9 | 1.1 | 7.9 | 1.1 | | 6 | 10.9 | 4.6 | 10.9 | 4.6 | 10.9 | 4.6 | 10.9 | 4.6 | . | . | 10.9 | 4.6 | 10.9 | 4.6 | 10.9 | 4.6 | 10.9 | 4.6 | 10.9 | 4.6 | | 7 | 15.9 | 16.7 | 15.4 | 16.3 | 15.9 | 16.7 | 15.9 | 16.7 | . | . | 15.9 | 16.7 | 15.9 | 16.7 | 15.9 | 16.7 | 15.9 | 16.7 | 15.9 | 16.7 | | 8 | 10.0 | 5.6 | 9.9 | 5.5 | 10.0 | 5.6 | 10.0 | 5.6 | 10.0 | 5.6 | 10.0 | 5.6 | 10.0 | 5.6 | 10.0 | 5.6 | 10.0 | 5.6 | 10.0 | 5.6 | | 10 | 16.8 | 18.7 | 16.5 | 18.3 | 16.8 | 18.7 | 16.8 | 18.7 | 16.8 | 18.7 | 16.8 | 18.7 | 16.8 | 18.7 | 16.8 | 18.7 | 16.8 | 18.7 | 16.8 | 18.7 | | 11 | 7.4 | 10.0 | . | . | . | . | 7.4 | 10.0 | . | . | 7.4 | 10.0 | 7.4 | 10.0 | 7.4 | 10.0 | 7.4 | 10.0 | 7.4 | 10.0 | | 12 | 0.3 | . | 0.3 | . | 0.3 | . | 0.3 | . | 0.3 | . | 0.3 | . | 0.3 | . | 0.3 | . | 0.3 | . | 0.3 | . | | 15 | 10.5 | 11.7 | 10.3 | 11.3 | 10.5 | 11.7 | 10.5 | 11.7 | 10.5 | 11.7 | 10.5 | 11.7 | 10.5 | 11.7 | 10.5 | 11.7 | 10.5 | 11.7 | 10.5 | 11.7 | | 17 | 3.2 | . | 3.1 | . | 3.2 | . | 3.2 | . | 3.2 | . | 3.2 | . | 3.2 | . | 3.2 | . | 3.2 | . | 3.2 | . | | 18 | 30.8 | 8.4 | 30.0 | 8.1 | 30.8 | 8.4 | 30.8 | 8.4 | 30.8 | 8.4 | 30.8 | 8.4 | 30.8 | 8.4 | 30.8 | 8.4 | 30.8 | 8.4 | 30.8 | 8.4 | | 19 | 3.3 | 1.5 | 3.3 | 1.4 | 3.3 | 1.5 | 3.3 | 1.5 | 3.3 | 1.5 | 3.3 | 1.5 | 3.3 | 1.5 | 3.3 | 1.5 | 3.3 | 1.5 | 3.3 | 1.5 | | 21 | 18.1 | 28.3 | 18.0 | 28.1 | 18.1 | 28.3 | 18.1 | 28.3 | 18.1 | 28.3 | 18.1 | 28.3 | 18.1 | 28.3 | 18.1 | 28.3 | 18.1 | 28.3 | 18.1 | 28.3 | | 22 | 8.6 | 13.7 | 8.5 | 13.3 | 8.6 | 13.7 | 8.6 | 13.7 | 8.6 | 13.7 | 8.6 | 13.7 | 8.6 | 13.7 | 8.6 | 13.7 | 8.6 | 13.7 | 8.6 | 13.7 | | 23 | 1.1 | 2.6 | 1.0 | 2.6 | 1.1 | 2.6 | . | . | 1.1 | 2.6 | 1.1 | 2.6 | 1.1 | 2.6 | 1.1 | 2.6 | 1.1 | 2.6 | 1.1 | 2.6 | | 25 | 8.3 | 15.8 | 8.1 | 15.6 | 8.3 | 15.8 | 8.3 | 15.8 | 8.3 | 15.8 | 8.3 | 15.8 | 8.3 | 15.8 | 8.3 | 15.8 | 8.3 | 15.8 | 8.3 | 15.8 | | 26 | 30.3 | 11.5 | 29.5 | 11.4 | 30.3 | 11.5 | 30.3 | 11.5 | 30.3 | 11.5 | 30.3 | 11.5 | 30.3 | 11.5 | 30.3 | 11.5 | 30.3 | 11.5 | 30.3 | 11.5 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Mean | 10.9 | 11.1 | 10.9 | 11.0 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.5 | 11.7 | 11.5 | 10.8 | 10.9 | 11.1 | 10.9 | 11.1 | 10.9 | 11.1 | 10.9 | 11.1 | 10.9 | 11.1 |
Primary Results Table 12: PVT Outcomes
Mixed Model ANOVA Predicted Mean Values by Condition and Time of Day | | | Test for Time*FB Interaction ^ | Day | Evening | Night | Main Effects # |
|---|
| | ICC & | No FB | FB | p-value | No FB | FB | p-value | No FB | FB | p-value | FB | TOD |
|---|
| Total trials among 20 drivers | | | 98 | 80 | | 109 | 84 | | 73 | 53 | | | | | Primary Variables | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|---|
| Raw lapses (RT>500 ms) | 0.473 | 0.009 | 1.95 | 3.89 | 0.000 | 1.66 | 2.30 | 0.052 | 2.51 | 2.34 | 0.332 | --- | --- |
|---|
| Median response time | 0.709 | 0.051 | 246.8 | 257.8 | 0.003 | 245.3 | 254.0 | 0.009 | 256.3 | 255.6 | 0.851 | --- | --- |
|---|
| Post test sleepiness | 0.289 | 0.039 | 5.57 | 5.92 | 0.826 | 6.56 | 6.16 | 0.608 | 7.56 | 6.18 | 0.009 | --- | --- |
|---|
| Secondary Variables | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|---|
| Transformed lapses | 0.508 | 0.059 | 2.57 | 3.30 | 0.002 | 2.32 | 2.60 | 0.103 | 2.71 | 2.66 | 0.453 | --- | --- |
|---|
| Mean fastest 10% RT's | 0.675 | 0.058 | 200.3 | 206.0 | 0.015 | 198.2 | 201.3 | 0.043 | 204.9 | 203.4 | 0.375 | --- | --- |
|---|
| Mean slowest 10% 1/RT's | 0.607 | 0.088 | 2.69 | 2.47 | 0.004 | 2.78 | 2.62 | 0.064 | 2.58 | 2.60 | 0.589 | --- | --- |
|---|
| Total response errors | 0.369 | 0.417 | 2.50 | 2.80 | --- | 3.61 | 3.03 | --- | 2.58 | 2.37 | --- | 0.579 | 0.036 |
|---|
| Reciprocol RT slope | 0.121 | 0.806 | -0.032 | -0.037 | --- | -0.028 | 0.037 | --- | -0.040 | -0.040 | --- | 0.249 | 0.314 |
|---|
| Grand mean RT | 0.655 | 0.023 | 265.7 | 287.3 | 0.001 | 262.1 | 273.6 | 0.012 | 277.2 | 277.0 | 0.792 | --- | --- |
|---|
| RT standard deviation | 0.368 | 0.444 | 82.6 | 111.5 | --- | 76.2 | 87.2 | --- | 91.2 | 103.7 | --- | 0.016 | 0.104 |
|---|
| RT distribution asymmetry | 0.195 | 0.592 | 0.216 | 0.225 | --- | 0.209 | 0.205 | --- | 0.208 | 0.202 | --- | 0.954 | 0.186 |
|---|
| Pre test sleepiness | 0.429 | 0.019 | 5.49 | 5.80 | 0.878 | 6.31 | 5.78 | 0.389 | 7.22 | 5.64 | 0.017 | --- | --- |
|---|
Notes:
& ICC Intraclass correlation controlling for time of day and feedback condition.
^ Mixed model ANOVA test for interaction, if significant then feedback effects were assessed at each time of day interval.
# If interaction was not significant, it was removed and feedback and time of day effects were assessed as main effects. |
Table 13: SleepWatch Actigraphic and Sleep Management Model Variables
Mixed Model ANOVA Fixed Effects (Predicted Means and Differences in Means) | N | No Feedback Mean | Feedback Mean | Difference Mean | Difference SE | t-statistic | Difference p-value |
|---|
Prior Sleep | 20 | 387.83 | 392.33 | 4.50 | 9.03 | 0.500 | 0.6239 |
|---|
Sleep Episodes | 20 | 1.382 | 1.354 | -0.028 | 0.041 | -0.680 | 0.5017 |
|---|
AMS (Actigraph Movement Score) | 20 | 695.75 | 718.13 | 22.38 | 50.51 | 0.440 | 0.6627 |
|---|
Sleep Efficiency | 20 | 86.32 | 85.94 | -0.38 | 1.25 | -0.300 | 0.7642 |
|---|
Sleep Performance Model (Max) | 20 | 83.21 | 84.44 | 1.23 | 1.63 | 0.760 | 0.4591 |
|---|
Sleep Performance Model (Min) | 20 | 63.42 | 65.63 | 2.21 | 1.83 | 1.210 | 0.2409 |
|---|
Table 14: SleepWatch Actigraphic and Sleep Management Model Variables
Mixed Model ANOVA Fixed Effects (Predicted Means and Differences in Means) | σ 2 (driver) | σ 2 (residual) | σ 2 (total) | ICC | p-value |
|---|
Prior Sleep | 2630.5 | 815.5 | 3446.0 | 0.763 | 0.004 |
|---|
Sleep Episodes | 0.098 | 0.016 | 0.114 | 0.856 | 0.002 |
|---|
AMS (Actigraph Movement Score) | 86637.4 | 25515.1 | 112152.5 | 0.772 | 0.004 |
|---|
Sleep Efficiency | 7.6 | 15.7 | 23.2 | 0.326 | 0.088 |
|---|
Sleep Performance Model (Max) | 153.0 | 26.5 | 179.5 | 0.852 | 0.002 |
|---|
Sleep Performance Model (Min) | 125.4 | 33.3 | 158.7 | 0.790 | 0.003 |
|---|
Note: ICC is the proportion of total variance across drivers and days explained by systematic driver variance after removing variance explained by the no feedback and feedback conditions. |
Primary Results Table 15: Diary Data - Mean Cumulative Daily Duration Variables
Descriptive Comparisons of Changes in Means and Medians | | N | No Feedback Mean | Feedback Mean | Difference Mean | Difference SD | Difference Min | Difference Max | Difference p-value |
|---|
| Means | | | | | | | | |
|---|
| Rest/Eating: Duration | 19 | 0.386 | 0.346 | -0.040 | 0.411 | -1.074 | 0.643 | 0.673 |
|---|
| Rest/Sleep: Duration | 19 | 0.505 | 0.574 | 0.069 | 1.396 | -1.964 | 5.179 | 0.831 |
|---|
| Sleep/Nap out of vehicle: Duration | 19 | 1.735 | 1.774 | 0.039 | 1.235 | -1.643 | 3.692 | 0.893 |
|---|
| Sleep/Nap in vehicle: Duration | 19 | 1.600 | 1.991 | 0.391 | 1.006 | -1.151 | 2.581 | 0.108 |
|---|
| | | | | | | | | | | Medians | | | | | | | | |
|---|
| Rest/Eating: Duration | 19 | 0.079 | 0.178 | 0.099 | 0.313 | -0.500 | 1.000 | 0.187 |
|---|
| Rest/Sleep: Duration | 19 | 0.053 | 0.526 | 0.474 | 1.896 | -1.000 | 8.000 | 0.291 |
|---|
| Sleep/Nap out of vehicle: Duration | 19 | 1.145 | 1.487 | 0.342 | 1.407 | -0.750 | 6.000 | 0.303 |
|---|
| Sleep/Nap in vehicle: Duration | 19 | 1.178 | 1.849 | 0.671 | 3.120 | -4.500 | 8.000 | 0.361 |
|---|
Primary Results Table 16: Diary Data - Mean Frequency per Day Variables
Descriptive Comparisons of Changes in Means and Medians | | N | No Feedback Mean | Feedback Mean | Difference Mean | Difference SD | Difference Min | Difference Max | Difference p-value |
|---|
| Means | | | | | | | | |
|---|
| Rest/Eating: Frequency | 19 | 0.372 | 0.398 | 0.026 | 0.313 | -0.462 | 0.733 | 0.726 |
|---|
| Rest/Sleep: Frequency | 19 | 0.170 | 0.123 | -0.047 | 0.322 | -0.913 | 0.643 | 0.531 |
|---|
| Sleep/Nap out of vehicle: Frequency | 19 | 0.261 | 0.267 | 0.006 | 0.161 | -0.214 | 0.462 | 0.867 |
|---|
| Sleep/Nap in vehicle:Frequency | 19 | 0.363 | 0.418 | 0.055 | 0.275 | -0.279 | 0.933 | 0.396 |
|---|
| | | | | | | | | | | Medians | | | | | | | | |
|---|
| Rest/Eating: Frequency | 19 | 0.263 | 0.316 | 0.053 | 0.497 | -1.000 | 1.000 | 0.650 |
|---|
| Rest/Sleep: Frequency | 19 | 0.079 | 0.105 | 0.026 | 0.424 | -1.000 | 1.000 | 0.790 |
|---|
| Sleep/Nap out of vehicle: Frequency | 19 | 0.158 | 0.263 | 0.105 | 0.315 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 0.163 |
|---|
| Sleep/Nap out of vehicle: Frequency | 19 | 0.395 | 0.368 | -0.026 | 0.539 | -1.500 | 1.000 | 0.834 |
|---|
Comparison of U.S. and Canada Daily Diary conditions and activities Table 17: Diary results showing mean proportion of days that various conditions and activities occurred in the 2-week driving periods of both the FEEDBACK and NO FEEDBACK conditions for both Study Phase 1 (Canada) and Study Phase 2 (U.S.). Question | Canada * No Feedback | Canada * Feedback | U.S. ** No Feedback | U.S. ** Feedback |
|---|
Long delays for traffic | 13% | 11% | 3% | 1% |
|---|
Weather problems | 13% | 13% | 19% | 30% |
|---|
Slow moving on the road | 13% | 9% | 5% | 1% |
|---|
Traffic jams causing slowing | 16% | 14% | 1% | 2% |
|---|
Hilly roads causing slowing | 6% | 6% | 7% | 7% |
|---|
Considerable crosswinds | 14% | 19% | 8% | 6% |
|---|
Long wait for load assignment | 16% | 15% | 2% | 3% |
|---|
Rest break to hygiene/eating | 34% | 37% | 16% | 17% |
|---|
Duration of break for hygiene /eating (hours) | 0.39 h | 0.33 h | 0.06 h | 0.04 h |
|---|
Sleep/nap in truck sleeper berth ( Canada) or on seat ( U.S.) | 79% of drivers | 85% of drivers | 50% of drivers | 30% of drivers |
|---|
Duration of sleep/nap in vehicle (hours) | 1.60 h | 1.89 h | 0.12 h | 0.06 h |
|---|
Day off from driving | 20% | 22% | 33% | 27% |
|---|
Physical activity on day off work | 21% | 22% | 26% | 16% |
|---|
FMT got driver's attention | 20% | 25% | 20% | 25% |
|---|
Load and unload done by others | 29% | 29% | 3% | 3% |
|---|
Driver physically loads/unloads | 8% | 5% | 15% | 14% |
|---|
* Canada drivers operated single tractor-trailer units with sleeper berths. Approximately 26% of their driving was conducted during night. ** U.S. drivers operated tandem tractor-trailer units without sleeper berths. Approximately 93% of their driving was conducted during night.
|
